Clival chordoma research
Coming up
Questions to ask
Ideas to look into
Whole-person care
Em's decisions
Protons, if that is the plan (estimate)
13 Oct 2026
22 Oct
27 Oct
8 Dec
16 Mar 2027
How the cells workFrom Mark's voice notes of 13 Oct, drawn and checked 14 Oct. ✓ holds ~ partly or lab only ✗ not supported or not tried1. The cell cycle: a clockG1growsScopiesits DNAG2checksMsplitsTHE GATE (the brake)G0: restingmost of your cellsINI1 works the brake:turns ON p16 and p21turns DOWN cyclin D1so Rb holds the gateshut until it is timeINI1 lost: no brake, round and round.SWI/SNF is not a step on the clock. It is a team of about adozen proteins that unpacks DNA so genes can be read.INI1 is one of the team.Mark: "the cells skip stages" ~ nearlyThey still go through every stage of the clock.What they lose is the STOP at the gate.Betz 2002, Kuwahara 2010, Smith 2008 (cells in the lab)2. Tug of war over the DNASWI/SNF(INI1 is in it)unpacks:genes ONEZH2(in PRC2)padlocks:genes OFFthey fight over the brake(p16) and the "grow up,stop dividing" genesINI1 lost: EZH2 wins, the brake stays padlocked.The tumour now leans on EZH2. In mice, taking EZH2away as well stopped these tumours forming.EZH1 is EZH2's understudy:block EZH2 alone and EZH1 can keep padlocks on.Tazemetostat: EZH2 only. Withdrawn by its maker inMarch 2026 (more second blood cancers). Not banned.Valemetostat: blocks both. Approved only in Japan.Mark: right ✓Right on the tug of war, and on EZH1 as a backup.The backup is shown in lymphoma, not yet in this tumour.Wilson 2010 (mice); Yamagishi 2019 (lymphoma); withdrawal 20263. Radiation: break the DNAboth strands brokenmended: it livesnot mended: mostly dieswhen it next tries to splitChordoma needs a very high dose. That is true ofchordoma in general, and it is why protons: they putthe dose in the tumour and spare the brainstem.Mark: without INI1 the cell skips stages and"bangs itself back together", so it resists radiation.Checked: cells without INI1 handled DNA damagenormally (mouse cells, 2008). A 2026 study found oneof their back-up mending routes BROKEN, not better.Mark: the worry right, the reason not ✗A high dose matters: that part is right.INI1 loss has not been shown to make mending better.McKenna 2008; Zhu, Sci Adv 2026; research 424. A blocker before protons?Mark's ideaEZH1/2 blockerpadlocks offbrake back on"virus alarm": immunecells notice the tumourWhat has been tested:~in a dish: rhabdoid tumour cells easier to kill with radiation~in a dish: slower DNA mending after radiation (2 sarcoma lines)✗in mice, with radiation: helped 1 of 3 brain tumour models?one patient (2019): drug, stopped, then radiotherapy;tumours elsewhere shrank too. Looked like the immune system.✗never tried before or with radiotherapy in a newtumour like this. No trial or UK route takes it.Ask now: SMARCB1 sequencing on the tissue. Trials need it.Mark: worth asking about ~A real lead, from the lab and one patient.Not ready to do before protons. Keep the door open.Research 42 (14 Oct): Gounder 2019 and 11 lab papers

13 Oct

Poorly differentiated chordoma

Brachyury positive, INI1 lost. This type is treated harder than ordinary chordoma: surgery, high-dose protons, and chemotherapy is on the table. Not in writing yet.

Mark, from the surgeons 12 and 13 Oct · added 13 Oct
about 22 Oct

Diclofenac stops 5 days before

King's give 5 days' notice for this. If the operation is 27 Oct, the last dose is about 22 Oct. Ask King's what covers her pain in the gap.

Mark, from King's 13 Oct · added 13 Oct · open
27 Oct

Operation at King's, by about 27 Oct

Mr Nick Thomas, through the nose (endonasal). "Within 2 weeks" of 13 Oct; could be sooner if another patient moves.

Mark, from King's 13 Oct · added 13 Oct · open
about 8 Dec to 16 Mar

Protons, if that is the plan

Usually starts 6 to 12 weeks after the operation, once the repair has healed and the planning scan is done: so somewhere from early December to mid January. Then about 37 to 41 weekday sessions over 7 to 8 weeks, at the Christie or UCLH. The bar shows the widest range. The real dates come from the proton centre.

Kya, from typical practice (Ares 2009; Mattke 2023). The 6 to 12 week gap is unit practice, not a trial figure · added 14 Oct · open
about 16 Mar

Protons finish, by about mid March

If protons start between early December and mid January and run 7 to 8 weeks, the last session falls between late January and mid March. Mid March is the latest likely finish. The proton centre's dates replace this.

Kya, from the protons card (typical practice, Ares 2009; Mattke 2023) · added 14 Oct · open

An oncology team discussion, soon

The whole plan, not just the operation, before it is set: who the sarcoma oncologist is, and when they see Em. The asks in pink go to this meeting.

Mark, voice note 13 Oct · added 13 Oct · open

Treliske scans to King's

Still uploading on their portal at the consultation.

Mark · added 13 Oct · open

The written histology report

Quickest from Em's own email, Mark copied in. When ready.

Kya · added 13 Oct · open

Fresh tissue at the operation

Ask King's before the day to keep fresh tumour: for whole genome sequencing on the NHS, and for live-tissue drug testing if they can. Consent can be taken at the pre-op clinic.

Mark's idea, 27 Sep · added 14 Oct · open

Can it spread?

Mark is right that it can. Checked 14 Oct: in the published cases, mostly children, spread was recorded in roughly half of those followed up. It was usually later, along with regrowth at the original site, and rarely at diagnosis. The lungs come up most often. There are no figures for adults with it at the clivus. Her chest, body and spine scans were called clear (by phone, not in writing). Ask the oncology team: will they add regular chest CT and spine scans, and how often?

Mark, voice note 13 Oct; Kya, research 43 (14 Oct) · added 13 Oct · open

Protons, or another kind of radiotherapy?

Mr Thomas mentioned other forms. Mark worries they won't be strong enough for this tumour. Ask the team why, and what dose each could give.

Mark, voice note 13 Oct · added 13 Oct · open

One shot at radiotherapy

Radiotherapy can usually only be given once to the same place. Anything that should go with it or before it (a drug, a trial) has to be raised at the oncology discussion, before protons are planned.

Mark, voice note 13 Oct · added 13 Oct · open

An EZH1/2 blocker before radiotherapy?

Mark's idea. Checked 14 Oct: no drug like this has been tried before or with radiotherapy in a newly diagnosed tumour of this type. The lab evidence points both ways. The one patient who responded had radiotherapy after the drug stopped, and it looked like an immune effect. Valemetostat is licensed only in Japan, and its French trial is only for tumours that come back. Tazemetostat was withdrawn in March 2026. So the step now is to keep the door open: ask for SMARCB1 sequencing on the tissue, which those trials need.

Mark, voice notes 13 Oct; Kya, research 42 (14 Oct) · added 13 Oct · open

Chemotherapy: whether, and when

On the table for this type. Weak evidence, real cost. A question for the sarcoma oncologist; the choice is Em's.

Mark and Kya · added 13 Oct · open

Before the op: Mark's day plan

Morning light, walks, breathwork, food that she enjoys. Mark's list from 9 Oct. Kya has the research on breathwork and pre-op nutrition ready for when Mark wants it.

Mark, 9 Oct; voice note 13 Oct · added 13 Oct · open